Efficient and Practical Approaches to Ground‐Water Right Transfers Under the Prior Appropriation Doctrine and the Snake River Example1

Abstract: Water right transfers are one of the basic means of implementing changes in water use in the highly appropriated water resource systems of the western United States. Many of these systems are governed by the Prior Appropriation Doctrine, which was not originally intended for application to ground‐water pumping and the conjunctive management of ground water and surface water, and thus creates an administrative challenge. That challenge results from the fact that ground‐water pumping can affect all interconnected surface‐water bodies and the effects may be immeasurably small relative to surface water discharge and greatly attenuated in time. Although we may have the ability to calculate the effects of ground‐water pumping and transfers of pumping location on surface‐water bodies, mitigating for all the impacts of each individual transfer is sufficiently inefficient that it impedes the transfer process, frustrates water users, and consequently inhibits economic development. A more holistic approach to ground‐water right transfers, such as a ground‐water accounting or banking scheme, may adequately control transfer third‐party effects while reducing mitigation requirements on individual transfers. Acceptance of an accounting scheme can accelerate the transfer process, and possibly reduce the administrative burden.     

区域排污权交易模型研究

本文在分析了排污权交易研究进展的基础上，指出区域污染权交易比传统的排污权交易意义更大，并提出排污权交易地区交叉补贴的设想：将发达地区的排污权交易所得向欠发达地区转移，以解决欠发达地区产业结构调整乏力以及对发达地区的二次污染和发达地区环境容量资源短缺问题。在不考虑交易成本的假设下，通过建立不同地区排污权交易模型以确定排污权交易总量及其交易价格以及交易所获净增纯收益等。太湖流域由于经济最为发达，环境问题十分突出，是目前我国最适宜率先进行区域排污权交易试点的地区。通过假定太湖流域无锡和常州两市进行排污权交易，并利用两市1991—2000年的环境统计资料等相关资料进行了验证。计算结果表明区域排污权交易不仅具有明显的经济和环境效益，而且也是协调环境区域矛盾的重要手段。因此，不同地区间进行排污权交易在我国具有重要意义，在太湖流域等经济发达地区收效尤其明显。     

浅论国家环境权

随着全球环境的日益恶化和公民环保意识的不断增强，环境权理论迅速发展。国家环境权作为一项重要的环境权。在环境法理论逐步变革和权利内涵不断演进的趋势下，已成为法学界研究探讨的重要课题。通过分析国家环境权的国内、国际法律基础。论证了国家环境权的确立。利用类比的方法。阐述了国家环境权与其他宪法权利的不同之处。从权利义务的对等统一和国内国际两个层面。重新归纳了国家环境权的内容。初步构建了国家环境权的基本理论框架。     

我国探矿权资产化、证券化的模式及设想

探矿权资产化、证券化是我国改革探矿业投融资体制，解决探矿业资金瓶颈问题的关键。本文从制度建设、机构投资者的发展状况等方面分析了我国初步推行探矿权资产化、证券化的有利条件．指出了探矿权资产化、证券化的三种模式。并以基金模式和股权模式为例提出了实施探矿权资产化、证券化的步骤设想。     

美国州法中的内径流水权及其优先权日问题

美国水资源的所有权属于各州 ,是一种公有的资源。法律上的水权 ,是水的使用权 ,主要包括私人所有的先占权水权、岸边权水权。在美国西部各州的水权系统中 ,有一种水权现在可以在私法框架中协调环境保护目标、各种取水权人的取水需求 ,这两者之间的冲突。这就是现在美国学术界广泛关注的内径流水权。内径流水权可以在私法领域保护水流的天然禀赋 ,并且排除政府以环境法为理由介入水事争端。随着环境主义在美国的破产[1] ,美国西部开始了大规模的水权裁决活动 ,通过水法院或者行政机构确认私有水权的优先权日 ,从而确立水权的优先权序列。这样水权就会真正成为属于分散的个体的、排他性的财产权。优先权日在先的水权将在枯水季节排除他人的取水权或者其他种类的用水权。因此 ,确立内径流水权在这个优先权序列中的地位 ,是环境保护目标在私法体系中 ,而不是在效率低下的各种环境保护法中 ,长久地得到维护的关键。内径流水权优先权日有 (1)判例法认定的日期 ;(2 )法律规定的日期 ;(3)转化生成的日期。在先占原则框架中扩张这种财产权可以更大程度地排除环境法的适用范围。     

我国排污权交易的法律保障

排污权交易是总量控制目标下最具潜力的环境管理手段，兼具环境质量 保障和成本效率的特点，这一交易的标的是排污权。文章分析了我国实行排污权交易的必要性，并提出实行排污权交易必须提供的法律保障。     

The benefits of the Kyoto Protocol to developing countries

The Kyoto Protocol relies on incentive-based regulations layered underneath a global cap on net emissions of greenhouse gases. Within the Kyoto Protocol are opportunities and constraints for signatory nations. Of concern to developing nations are the constraints the Kyoto Protocol could place on future growth. We examine the constraints and the opportunities offered to developing countries within the Kyoto Protocol. By identifying the potential costs and benefits the Kyoto Protocol has to offer to developing countries and by examining the incentives each create, we hope to spark serious investigations into ways to minimize the potential costs of entering the Kyoto Protocol and take full advantage of the potential benefits.

NAFTA and member country strategies for maritime trade and marine invasive species

Maritime shipping has two vectors of spreading marine invasive species: ballast water inside the ship and biofouling on the hulls outside the ship. While some attention has focused on ballast water, virtually none is focused on biofouling. This paper offers a quantitative analysis of economic incentives for shippers and regulating ports to address both pollution vectors. The strategies to address the vectors are induced by incentive mechanisms involving liability, subsidies and taxes. Results show these offer ample incentives in order to truly foster abatement of both vectors. Data from North America's Pacific coast is included in the analysis.     

二氧化硫排放总量控制若干问题的思考

根据国家《“十一五”规划纲要》对削减二氧化硫排放总量的要求，在对电力行业脱硫现状及前景的具体阐述中指出实现这个目标的可能性，并从多方面对二氧化硫总量控制的关键问题进行了详尽的论述与分析。